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Philo of Byzantium (, ''Philōn ho Byzantios'', ca. 280 BC – ca. 220 BC), also known as Philo Mechanicus, was a Greek engineer and writer on mechanics, who lived during the latter half of the 3rd century BC. Although he was from Byzantium he lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt. He was probably younger than Ctesibius, though some place him a century earlier. ==Life and works== Philo was the author of a large work, ''Mechanike syntaxis'' (Compendium of Mechanics), which contained the following sections: * ''Isagoge'' (εἰσαγωγή) – an introduction to mathematics * ''Mochlica'' (μοχλικά) – on general mechanics * ''Limenopoeica'' (λιμενοποιικά) – on harbour building * ''Belopoeica'' (βελοποιικά) – on artillery * ''Pneumatica'' (πνευματικά) – on devices operated by air or water pressure * ''Automatopoeica'' (αὐτοματοποιητικά) – on mechanical toys and diversions * ''Parasceuastica'' (παρασκευαστικά) – preparation for sieges * ''Poliorcetica'' (πολιορκητικά) – on siegecraft * ''Peri Epistolon'' (περὶ ἐπιστολῶν) – on secret letters The military sections ''Belopoeica'' and ''Poliorcetica'' are extant in Greek, detailing missiles, the construction of fortresses, provisioning, attack and defence, as are fragments of ''Isagoge'' and ''Automatopoeica'' (ed. R. Schone, 1893, with German translation in Hermann August Theodor Köchly's ''Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller'', vol. i. 1853; E. A. Rochas d'Aiglun,'' Poliorcetique des Grecs'', 1872). Another portion of the work, on pneumatic engines, has been preserved in the form of a Latin translation (''De ingeniis spiritualibus'') made from an Arabic version (ed. W. Schmidt, with German translation, in the works of Heron of Alexandria, vol. i., in the Teubner series, 1899; with French translation by Rochas, ''La Science des philosophes... dans l'antiquité'', 1882). Further portions probably survive in a derivative form, incorporated into the works of Vitruvius and of Arabic authors. The Philo line, a geometric construction that can be used to double the cube, is attributed to Philo. A treatise conventionally titled ''De septem mundi miraculis'', on the Seven Wonders of the World, is properly ascribed to another Philo of Byzantium, known as "the Paradoxographer", who belongs to a much later date, probably the 4th–5th century A.D.〔Stephanie Dalley, ''The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon; an elusive World wonder traced'' Oxford University Press (2013)ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5, p39〕 It is printed in R. Hercher's edition of Aelian (Paris: Firmin Didot, 1858); an English translation by Jean Blackwood is included as an appendix in ''The Seven Wonders of the World'' by Michael Ashley (Glasgow: Fontana Paperbacks, 1980). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philo of Byzantium」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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